Swimming pool accessibility

An analysis of not-for-profit community recreation facilities and collegiate recreational facilities

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17411/jacces.v16i2.743

Abstract

Accessibility of fitness center swimming pools is of great importance as individuals with disabilities seek greater fitness levels and healthier lifestyles. This study assessed swimming pool facility accessibility according to Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) guidelines utilizing Section L of the Accessibility Instruments Measuring Fitness and Recreation Environments (AIMFREE) survey. Direct site visits were conducted for 118 swimming pools located in community-based and university-based fitness facilities across eight U.S. states. ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in mean pool accessibility for facility age. Pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments of the significant main effects indicated that pools built after the ADA implementation were significantly more accessible compared to those constructed before the ADA, as well as those originally built pre-ADA but renovated afterwards. These results demonstrate relative levels of ADA compliance for these collegiate and not-for-profit community recreation swimming pools and provide initial descriptive and analytical data that can impact pool accessibility.

Author Biographies

  • Petersen J. C,, Baylor University

    Dr. Jeffrey C. Petersen is a Professor of Sport Management at Baylor University.

  • Piletic C., Western Illinois University

    Dr. Cindy Piletic is a Professor at Western Illinois University serving in the Department of Recreation, Park, Tourism & Hospitality.

  • Huffman O., Utah State University

    Olivia Huffman is the Director of Mental Wellness within the Utah State Athletics Department.

  • Judge L. W., Florida Gulf Coast University

    Dr. Lawrence W. Judge is the Assistant Dean of Marieb College of Health & Human Services at Florida Gulf Coast University.

References

Anderson, S., Rivers, J., Appleton, G., & Goel, M. (1995). Americans with Disabilities Act: Issues for design and facility managers. Journal of Management Engineering, 11(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(1995)11:1(38)

Arbour-Nicitopoulos, K. P., & Ginis, K. A. (2011). Universal accessibility of "accessible" fitness and recreational facilities for persons with mobility disabilities. Adapted Physical Education Quarterly, 28(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.28.1.1

Archer, S. (2002). Aquatic exercise and arthritis. Aquatic Therapy Journal, 16(1), 29-31.

Becker, B. E. (2009). Aquatic therapy: Scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1(9), 859-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.05.017

Borson, S. (2010). Cognition, aging, and disabilities: Conceptual issues. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 21(2), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2010.01.001

Broach, E., & Dattilo, R. (2001). Effects of aquatic therapy on adults with multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 35, 141-154.

Bumin, G., Uyanik, M., Yilmaz, I., Kayihan, H., & Topcu, M. (2003). Hydrotherapy for Rett syndrome. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35, 44-45.

Butzer, J. F., Virva, R., Kozlowski, A. J., Cistaro, R., & Perry, M. L. (2021). Participation by design: Integrating a social ecological approach with universal design to increase participation and add value for consumers. Disability and Health Journal, 14(2), 101006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101006

Caden, J. (2014). Americans with Disabilities Act, In T. Griffiths (Ed.) The complete swimming pool reference (3rd ed.). Sagamore Publishing.

Calder, A. M., & Mulligan, H. F. (2014). Measurement properties of instruments that assess inclusive access to fitness and recreational sports centers: a systematic review. Disability and Health Journal, 7(1), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2013.06.003

Carbone, P. S., Smith, P. J., Lewis, C., & LeBlanc, C. (2021). Promoting the participation of children and adolescents with disabilities in sports, recreation, and physical activity. Pediatrics, 148(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-054664

Cardinal, B. J., & Spaziani, M. D. (2003). ADA compliance and the accessibility of physical activity facilities in Western Oregon. American Journal of Health Promotion, 17(3), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-17.3.197

Cider, A., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Schaufelberger, M., & Andersson, B. (2005). Cardiorespiratory effects of warm water immersion in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Clinical Physiology Function Imaging, 25(6), 313-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.2005.00633.x

Conatser, P. (2007). Adapted aquatics and rehabilitation: A literature synthesis. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 1(3), 242-254. https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.01.03.07

Connell, B. R., Jones, M., Mace, R., Mueller, J., Mullick, A., Ostroff, E., Sanford, J., Steinfeld, E., Story, M., & Vanderheiden, G. (1997). The principles of universal design (Version 2.0). Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University. https://design.ncsu.edu/research/center-for-universal-design

Darby, L. A., & Yaekle, B. C. (2000). Physiological responses during two types of exercise performed on land and in the water. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40, 303-311.

Figoni, S. F., McClain, L., Bell, A. A., Degnan, J. M., Norbury, N. E., & Rettele, R. R. (1998). Accessibility of fitness facilities in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury and Rehabilitation, 3(3), 66-78.

Figuers, C. (1999). Aquatic therapy intervention for a child diagnosed with spinal muscular atrophy Physical Therapy Case Report, 2, 109-112.

French, D., & Hainsworth, J. (2001). 'There aren't any buses and the swimming pool is always cold!': Obstacles and opportunities in the provision of sport for disabled people. Managing Leisure, 6(1), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710010026359

Houtenville, A., Bach, S., & Paul, S. (2023). Annual report on people with disabilities in America: 2023. University of New Hampshire, Institute on Disability. https://disabilitycompendium.org/sites/default/files/user-uploads/Accessible-Annual%20Report%20---%202023%20---%20Accessible.pdf

Hums, M. A., Schmidt, S. H., Novak, A., & Wolff, E. A. (2016). Universal design: Moving the Americans with Disabilities Act from access to inclusion. Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport, 26(1), 36-51. https://doi.org/10.1123/jlas.2015-0011

Hutzler, Y., Chaeham, A., Bergman, U., & Szeinberg, A. (1998). Effects of a movement and swimming program on vital capacity and water orientation skills of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40, 176-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15443.x

Johnson, M. J., Stoelzle, H. Y., Finco, K. L., Foss, S. E., & Carstens, K. (2012). ADA compliance and accessibility of fitness facilities in Western Wisconsin. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 18(4), 340-353. https://doi.org/10.1310/sci1804-340

Koury, J. M. (1996). Aquatic therapy programming: Guidelines for orthopedic rehabilitation. Human Kinetics.

Kraus, L. (2015). 2015 disability statistics annual report. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire. https://disabilitycompendium.org/sites/default/files/user-uploads/2015%20Annual%20Report%20%28PDF%29.pdf

Kung, S. P., & Taylor, P. (2014). The use of public sports facilities by the disabled in England. Sport Management Review, 17(1), 8-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2013.08.009

Rogers, D., & LaRue, R. J. (2019). Universal and accessible design: Creating facilities that work for all people. In T. H. Sawyer (Ed.), Facility planning and design for health, physical activity, recreation, and sport (14th ed.). (pp. 61-74). Sagamore Publishing.

Lieberman, L., Lytle, R., & Irwin, G. (2003). Ideas for including students with quadriplegia into physical education. Strategies, 17(2), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2003.10591069

Long, F. (2012). Access for All: Pool Lifts Required by Law for Entry and Exit. Rehabilitation Management: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Rehabilitation, 25(5), 22.

Martinez, C.A. (2006). Adapted aquatics for children with autism. Teaching Elementary Physical Education, 17(5), 34-37.

Michael, K. M., Allen, J. K., & Macko, R. F. (2005). Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(8), 1552-1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.12.026

Nikolajsen, H., Sandal, L. F., Juhl, C. B., Troelsen, J., & Juul-Kristensen, B. (2021). Barriers to, and facilitators of, exercising in fitness centres among adults with and without physical disabilities: a scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147341

Petersen, J., & Piletic, C. (2006). Facility accessibility: Opening the doors to all. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 77(5), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2006.10597876

Pike, H., Walker, J., Collins, J., & Hodges, J. (2008). An investigation of ADA compliance of aquatic facilities in the North Texas area. American Journal of Health Promotion, 23(2), 139-146. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.07041336

Piletic, C., Judge, L., & Petersen, J. (2013). Creating ADA accessible strength and conditioning facilities: The impact of the new 2010 standards. Journal of Facility Planning, Design, and Management, 1(1), 35-46.

Richardson, E. V., Smith, B., & Papathomas, A. (2017). Disability and the gym: Experiences, barriers and facilitators of gym use for individuals with physical disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39(19), 1950-1957. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2016.1213893

Rider, R.A., & Modell, S. (1996). Aquatics for children with Angelman syndrome: Earning your water wings. Palaestra, 12(4), 28-33.

Riley, B, Rimmer, J. H., Wang, E., & Schiller, W. J. (2008). A conceptual framework for improving the accessibility of fitness and recreation facilities for people with disabilities. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 5, 158-68. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.1.158

Rimmer, J. H., Padalabalanarayanan, S., Malone, L. A., & Mehta, T. (2017). Fitness facilities still lack accessibility for people with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 10(2), 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2016.12.011

Rimmer, J., & Riley, B. (2004). AIMFREE: Fitness center and swimming pool accessibility professional version. NCPAD and RECTECH, University of Illinois at Chicago. https://www.nchpad.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AIMFREE_Fitness_Centerand_SwimmingPool_Accessibility_Professional_Version2_Revised_2013.pdf

Rimmer, J., Riley, B., Wang, E., & Rauworth, A. (2005). Accessibility of health clubs for people with mobility disabilities and visual impairments. American Journal of Public Health, 95(11), 2022–2028. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.051870

Rimmer J. H., Riley B., Wang E., & Rauworth, A. (2004). Development and validation of AIMFREE: Accessibility instruments measuring fitness and recreation environments. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26(18), 1087-1095. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280410001711432

Rimmer, J. H., & Rowland, J. L. (2008). Health promotion for people with disabilities:

Implications for empowering the person and promoting disability-friendly environments. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 2(5), 409-420. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827608317397

Robledo, R. (2013). ADA lawsuits increase. Aquatics International, 25(5), 14.

Rosimini, C. (2003). Benefits of swim training for children and adolescents with asthma. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 15(6), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2003.tb00394.x

Sholanke, A. B., & Eleagu, J. C. (2024). Appraisal of Universal Design strategies for enhancing social inclusion in the development of sporting facilities. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1342(1), 012024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1342/1/012024

Steinfeld, E., & Maisel, J. (2012). Universal design: Creating inclusive environments. Wiley.

U.S. Department of Justice. (2012). Accessible pools means of entry and exit. http://www.ada.gov/pools_2010.htm

U.S. Department of Justice. (2010). 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design. https://www.ada.gov/law-and-regs/design-standards/2010-stds

Vierling L. E. (2005). Assessing the impact of the ADA. The Case Manager, 16(1), 19–23.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.casemgr.2004.11.002

Watchorn, V., Hitch, D., Tucker, R., Frawley, P., Aedy, K., & Grant, C. (2023). Evaluating universal design of built environments: An empirical study of stakeholder practice and perceptions. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 38(3), 1491-1510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-022-09981-x

Weisgerber, M. C., Guill, M., Weisgerber, J. M., & Butler, H. (2003). Benefits of swimming in asthma: Effect of a session of swimming lessons on symptoms and PFTs with review of the literature. Journal of Asthma, 40, 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1081/JAS-120018706

West, B. (2013). Necessary accessory: ADA compliant pool lifts. Rehab Management: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Rehabilitation, 26(7), 26.

Yilmaz, L., Yanardag, M., Birkan, B., & Bumin, G. (2004). Effects of swimming training on physical fitness and water orientation in autism. Pediatrics International, 46, 624-626. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01938.x

Yoh, T., Mohr, M., & Gordon, B. (2008). Assessing satisfaction with campus recreation facilities among college students with physical disabilities. Recreational Sports Journal, 32(2), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1123/rsj.32.2.106

Cover of paper. Swimming pool accessibility: An analysis of not-for-profit community recreation facilities and collegiate recreational facilities. Image of the first page of the article. The name of the article, the authors, and the abstract are displayed.

Downloads

Published

2026-11-11

How to Cite

Swimming pool accessibility: An analysis of not-for-profit community recreation facilities and collegiate recreational facilities. (2026). Journal of Accessibility and Design for All, 16(2), 89-108. https://doi.org/10.17411/jacces.v16i2.743