Impact of accessibility barriers on the mood of users with motor and dexterity impairments.

Authors

  • Mireia Ribera
  • Afra Pascual Phd Student
  • Toni Granollers

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17411/jacces.v5i1.93

Keywords:

web accessibility barriers, motor impairments, user mood, user test, users with disabilities, real-world data collection.

Abstract

With the aim of knowing the impact of accessibility problems on persons with motor impairments, we did a user test with this user group. The focus of the test was the analysis of a user’s mood relative to different accessibility barriers comparing two parallel web pages: an accessible one and a non-accessible one. The study identified web forms and Flash elements as the most important aspects for this kind of users. On the one hand these elements are useful to users, and on the other, they raise many accessibility issues. The analysis of results indicate that persons with severe motor impairments are more efficient and effective interacting with web pages, than users with mild motor impairments; a possible explanation for this would be that they use technical aids adapted to their needs while users with mild impairments use standard devices.

Overall, users had a positive mood while navigating the accessible web site, and were more negative when interacting with the non-accessible web site. Our investigation contributes to a better understanding of users with motor impairments confronting accessibility barriers.

References

AccessibleFive. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://accessible.sprungmarker.de/2011/04/accessible-five/

Accessible Audio Player (AAP). Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.terrillthompson.com/music/aap/

Aspid: Associació de Paraplègics i Discapacitats Físics de Lleida (ASPID). Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.aspid.cat/

A-site: http://193.144.12.82/accesibilidad/wpB

ATADES. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.atadeshuesca.org/seccionesCont.asp?id=105

Asociación de personas con discapacidad Virgen del Pilar. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.asdivip.com

British Standards Institution (BSI). BS 8878,Web accessibility – Building accesible experiences for disabled people – Code of Practice, 2010. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.hassellinclusion.com/bs8878

Brajnik. G. (2006) Web accessibility testing with barriers walkthrough. Last accessed in March 2015 from: www.dimi.uniud.it/giorgio/projects/bw.

CCPlayer: Closed Caption Subtitle Player. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.ccplayer.com/

Caldwell, B., Cooper, M., Reid, L and Vanderheiden, G. (2008). Web content accessibility guidelines 2.0. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/

Change a Little. Change a Lot. Promoting Awareness of Disability in the Community. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://changealittlechangealot.com/

Chisholm, W., Vanderheiden, G., and Jacobs, I. 1999. Web content accessibility guidelines 1.0. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10/

Cullen, K. Kubitschke, L. and Meyer, I. (2007). Measuring Progress of eAccessibility in Europe. Assessment of the Status of eAccessibility in Europe. Main report. Brussels: European Commission.

Desmet PMA, Vastenburg MH, Van Bel D, Romero, NA (2012). Pick-A-Mood; development and application of a pictorial mood-reporting instrument. In: J. Brassett, P. Hekkert, G. Ludden, M. Malpass, & J. McDonnell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Design and Emotion Conference, Central Saint Martin College of Art & Design, London (UK), 11-14 September 2012.

Desmet, P., Overbeeke, K., and Tax, S. Designing products with added emotional value: Development and appllcation of an approach for research through design. The design journal, 4(1):32–47, 2001.

Desmet, P., Hekkert, P., and Jacobs, J. When a car makes you smile: Development and application of an instrument to measure product emotions. Advances in consumer research, 27:111–117, 2000.

Dragon NaturallySpeaking – Nuance. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.nuance.es/dragon/index.htm

Examinator. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://examinator.ws/

Firefox Web Developer. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://chrispederick.com/work/web-developer/

GRIHO research group’s usability laboratory. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.griho.udl.cat/about/Usabililab.html

Harrison, C., Petrie, H. 2006. Impact of usability and accessibility problems in e-commerce and e-government websites. In Proceedings of HCI 2006, Volume 1. London: British Computer Society.

Henry, S.L. (2006) Introducción a la accesibilidad Web. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/accessibility.php

Hernandez, J, Martinez, J.A, Varela, M.J. (2009). User tests demonstration: real experiences in measuring web accessibility needs for people with disabilities and the elderly. International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibililty (W4A) (W4A '09). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 93-95. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1535654.1535677

Hwang, F. Keates, S. Langdon, P and Clarkson, J. 2003. Mouse movements of motion-impaired users: a submovement analysis. SIGACCESS Access. Comput. 77-78 (September 2003), 102-109. DOI=10.1145/1029014.1028649 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1029014.1028649

ISO 9241-11: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs), Part 11: Guidance on usability. (1998).

ISO/IEC 40500:2012. Information technology -- W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=58625.

King, Maryon F. and Gordon C. Bruner. 2000. Social Desirability Bias: A Neglected Aspect of Validity Testing. Psychology and Marketing, 17 (2): 79–103.

Laurans, G. Desmet, P., and Hekkert, P. The emotion slider: a self-report device for the continuous measurement of emotion. In Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction andWorkshops, 2009. ACII 2009. 3rd International Conference on, pages 1–6. IEEE, 2009.

Law Office of Lainey Feingold. Digital Accessibility Laws Around the Globe. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://lflegal.com/2013/05/gaad-legal/

Lazar, J., Allen, A., Kleinman, J., and Malarkey, C. (2007). What frustrates screen reader users on the Web: A study of 100 blind users. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 22, 3, 247--269.

Lazar, J., Jones, A., Hackley, M., & Shneiderman, B. (2006). Severity and impact of computer user frustration: A comparison of student and workplace users. Interacting with Computers, 18, 187–207

Lazar, J. Feng, J. Allen, A. (2006). Determining the impact of computer frustration on the mood of blind users browsing the web. In Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility (Assets '06). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 149-156. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1168987.1169013

Loiacono, E. Romano, N. McCoy, S. The state of corporate website accessibility. (2009) Commun. ACM 52, 9 128-132. DOI=10.1145/1562164.1562197 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1562164.1562197

Lopes, R. Gomes, D. Carriço, L. Web not for all: a large scale study of web accessibility (2010) International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A), April 26-27, 2010, Raleigh, North Carolina [doi>10.1145/1805986.1806001]

López, JM, Pascual, A, Meduiña, C, Granollers, T,.(2012) Methodology For Identifying And Solving Accessibility Related Issues In Web Content Management System Environments. In Proceedings of the International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 32 , 8 pages. DOI=10.1145/2207016.2207043

Morae: Software Morae. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.techsmith.com/morae.asp

NA-site: http://193.144.12.82/accesibilidad/wpA

Nielsen, J.; Mack, R.: Usability inspection methods . New York: Wiley. Published by John Wiley & Sons, New York. ISBN 0-471-01877-5 (1994)

Pascual, A., Ribera,M., Granollers, T. Impact of web accessibility barriers on users with hearing impairment. In Proceedings of the XV International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (Interacción ’14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 8, 2 pages. DOI=10.1145/2662253.2662261 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2662253.2662261

Pascual, A., Ribera, M., Granollers, T. and Coiduras, J. Impact of accessibility barriers on the mood of blind, low-vision and sighted users. Procedia-Computer Science Journal, by Elsevier, vol. 27, 2014, Pages 431–440. ISSN: 1877-0509. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2014.02.047. From 5th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion, DSAI 2013.

Pascual, A., Ribera, M., Granollers, T. Grado de afectación de las barreras de accesibilidad web en usuarios con discapacidad intelectual. Actas del XIV Congreso Internacional de Interacción Persona-Ordenador (INTERACCIÓN 2013), dentro del Congreso Español de Informática (CEDI). pp. 23 – 26. (España): 2013. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.congresocedi.es/images/site/actas/ActasInteraccion.pdf>. ISBN 978-84- 695-8352-4

Pascual, A., Ribera, M., Granollers, T. Perception of accessibility errors to raise awareness amongweb 2.0 users. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Interacción Persona-Ordenador (INTERACCION ’12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, , Article 16 , 2 pages. DOI=10.1145/2379636.2379652.http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2379636.2379652

Pascual, A. Ribera, M and Granollers, T. Empathic communication of accessibility barriers in Web 2.0 editing. (2015). (Web for All Conference, W4A).

Peter J Lang. Behavioral treatment and bio-behavioral assessment: Computer applications. 1980.

Power, C. Freire, A. Petrie, H. Swallow, D. (2012). Guidelines are only half of the story: accessibility problems encountered by blind users on the web. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 433-442. DOI=10.1145/2207676.2207736

Rømen, D. Svanæs, D. (2008). Evaluating web site accessibility: validating the WAI guidelines through usability testing with disabled users. In Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges (NordiCHI '08). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 535-538. DOI=10.1145/1463160.1463238.http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1463160.1463238

Rubin, J. (2008) Handbook of Usability Testing: How to Plan, Design and Conduct Effective Tests. John Wiley& Sons, NY [etc]. 2008

Russell, J., Weiss, A., and Mendelsohn, G. Affect grid: a singleitem scale of pleasure and arousal. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(3):493, 1989.

Stamford Better Experiences. Culture change cards. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://stamfordinteractive.com.au/resources/culture-change-cards/

Schalock, R. L. (1996). Reconsidering the conceptualization and measurement of quality of life. En R. L. Schalock (Ed.): Quality of life, Vol I: conceptualization and measurement. 123- 139. Washington: AAMR

Test de accesibilidad Web (TAW). Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.tawdis.net/

The National Center on Disability and Access to Education. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.ncdae.org/goals/

Theofanos, M, Redish, J. (2003). Bridging the gap: between accessibility and usability. interactions 10, 6 (November 2003), 36-51. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/947226.947227 Access: October 2014.

TwentyTenFive. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.twentytenfive.com/

Velleman, E. Abou-Zahra, S. (2013) Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0 - http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/

Walter B Cannon. The james-lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory. The American journal of psychology, pages 567–586, 1987.

Watson, D., Lee A Clark, and Auke Tellegen. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the panas scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 54(6):1063, 1988.

Web Accessibility in mind (WebAIM) Motor Disabilities (2012). Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://webaim.org/articles/motor/

Web Accessibility Toolbar (WAT) for IExplorer. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.paciellogroup.com

Wobbrock, J.O,. Gajos, K, Z. Goal Crossing with Mice and Trackballs for People with Motor Impairments: Performance, Submovements, and Design Directions, ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS), v.1 n.1, p.1-37, May 2008 [doi>10.1145/1361203.1361207]

Wordpress. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://wordpress.com/

World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. World report on disability. Last accessed in March 2015 from: http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report/en/index.html

Downloads

Published

2015-05-25

How to Cite

Impact of accessibility barriers on the mood of users with motor and dexterity impairments. (2015). Journal of Accessibility and Design for All, 5(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.17411/jacces.v5i1.93